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Russian history: 2nd week of January

Wednesday 8, January 2014, 1:25 pm Red

The second week of January is written by two of the most prominent figures in Russian history: on the one hand, the first revolutionary in history, considered a hero by the communist government. On the other hand, an admiral and explorer whose government called him a traitor. In addition, we will read about the creation of the province of Moscow, the first change of calendar in Russia, and the first tsar in history. And finally, the story of the relics from one of the most venerated saints in the Russian Orthodox Church. 

Pugachev's Rebellion 

In the second week of January 1775, the Cossack Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev is executed in Moscow, after leading the insurrection of the Cossacks against Catherine the Great. Pugachev gathered an army by pretending to be Tsar Peter III, who had died months earlier and whose death was not announced to avoid encouraging potential rebellions. He is considered the first revolutionary leader in history. So much so that in 1917 he became a symbol for the Russian Revolution, and the city where he was born, Zimoveyskaya was renamed after Pugachev. 

pugachev
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev

Foundation of Moscow oblast 

Year 1925: the oblast (province) of Moscow is officially established. In 1703 Moscow had lost its status of capital city in favour of Saint Petersburg, where Tsar Peter "the Great" moved the court. In 1918 it recovered the title of Russian capital and, five years later also became the capital of the Soviet Union. In terms of extension, Moscow oblast is ranked 57 out of 83 federal divisions in Russia. Yet, it is the most populous one, with nearly 11 million residents, well ahead of Leningrad oblast, which has about 5 million.

Alexander Kolchak 

During his runaway from Irkutsk, in Siberia, Admiral Alexander Kolchak, "supreme ruler of Russia", is arrested. During the Russian Civil War (1917-1923), Kolchak was chosen by the anti-Bolshevik coalition as the head of the government in Omsk. He also led the so-called "White Army ", which supported the old imperial regime, and should fight the Bolshevik "Red Army". The lack of coordination resulted in a complete defeat in the war against the Bolsheviks. 

Considered an enemy of the people during the Soviet era, his figure was partially restored years later and his achievements were studied. In 2008 a Russian blockbuster film based on the life of Admiral Kolchak was released. 

admiral kolchak
Admiral Kolchak

Ivan the Terrible 

In 1547 Ivan IV of Russia, also known as Ivan the Terrible, ascends to the throne. He was the first ruler to use the title of Tsar and was also the longest-reigning monarch of Russia (50 years). When he was only three years old, after the death of his father, he became "Grand Prince of Moscow" and, at seventeen, he was proclaimed Tsar. During his reign he conquered many territories, creating the germ of the future Russian Empire. The government of Ivan the Terrible was marked by its changing behaviour and the power struggles between nobles and relatives. He murdered his own son and married eight women, four of which died poisoned, while the other four ended their days locked up in monasteries. 

ivan the terrible
Ivan "the Terrible"

Change of calendar 

In 1700 in the Russian Empire, the Byzantine calendar was changed, and the new Julian calendar was introduced. The main innovation introduced was that January 1 would become the first day of the year instead of September 1. Russians celebrated December 31 as the last day of the year 7208 (according to the Byzantine calendar) and 1 January as the first day of 1700 (according to the Julian calendar). This occurred in the second week of January because January 1 in the Julian calendar corresponds to January 13 of the calendar currently used in Russia and in most of the world (the Gregorian calendar). 

The relics of Saint Seraphim of Sarov 

In 1991 the relics of Saint Seraphim of Sarov (1754-1833) were returned to the monastery of the Holy Trinity of Diveyevo, after 70 years missing. Saint Seraphim is one of the most venerated saints in the Orthodox Church. Miracle worker and healer, Saint Seraphim even visited Emperor Alexander I and was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1903. In addition, since September 2007 he is the patron of the workers in Russia's atomic defense industry, as the monastery where he lived is located in the Sarov complex, also known as Arzamas -16.

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